As defined in the textbook, short-term memory (STM) is defined as, “a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory” (Spielman p. 257). STM is also known as the working memory because it can eventually be moved in stored, or long-term memory. STM has to be used over and over again, repeatedly, to become long-term memory. Say you are forced to memorize a phone number: this is short-term memory because it will quickly go away if it is not drilled into your head. There are exercises that can improve short-term memory though. For example, one could, “have a partner read the strings of random numbers out loud to you, then repeat them back” (Spielman p. 258). This can help short-term memory because it facilitates the same answers to the same questions, or whatever the case may be. Another effective way to improve STM is by making what you study personal, which can help the memorization process tremendously‒this is known as The Self-Reference Effect. Also, be aware that even though you may know something about a particular subject, doesn't mean you always will remember it; it will go away with time. This kind of goes into long-term memory, but short-term memory is connected to long-term memory because of the repetition. One of the final things that can increase STM as a student is using mnemonic devices. Mnemonic devices are things that can help remembering way easier; examples include acronyms and acrostics.
Nurture, also referred to as environmental experiences is, “intelligence is shaped by a child’s developmental environment” (Spielman p. 243). This concept is based on the intellect based on the kind of environment the child is brought up in, which is in contrast to Nature. Nature‒heredity‒ is, “Intelligence inherited from a person’s parents” (Spielman p. 243). An example of nurture that I have encountered is when I was deciding whether or not to go on College tours. It was not necessarily something I wanted to do, but with my parents putting forth the idea, I knew I needed to do it to learn which college I would be most successful at. Another example is when I was younger and was just learning to read. They would get me different level reading books and make me read so much every night. Once again it initiated activity in my brain, that otherwise would not have occurred.
In Gardner’s Theory, “each person possesses at least eight intelligences” (Spielman p. 234). There are eight intelligences, each person having at least one of them. Although they might fulfill an area of one intelligence, they might not even meet the expectations of another. Myself for example is a prime example of this. I am logical-mathematical inclined. This means that I am “Capable of seeing numerical patterns, strong ability to use reason and logic” (Spielman p. 235). So, my career path will involve more mathematics, making me an engineer or scientist. The only other intelligence category that would apply to me would be intrapersonal intelligence, which is the “Ability to access personal feelings and motivations, and use them to direct behavior and reach personal goals” (Spielman p. 235). This intelligence theory thinks that I can be successful over a certain amount of time.
Resources
Spielman, R. (2017). Psychology.